Social Psychology- Practice Questions

Name:

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

a.	developmental psychology
b.	social psychology
c.	personality psychology
d.	experimental psychology
e.	clinical psychology

The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.

a.	understand, feel about, and behave toward
b.	think about, influence, and relate to
c.	observe, understand, and communicate with
d.	understand, predict, and control
e.	perceive, think about, and talk about

Attribution theory was designed to account for

a.	the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others.
b.	the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior.
c.	social facilitation and social loafing.
d.	the loss of self-awareness that occurs in group situations.
e.	how people explain others' behavior.

To analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed

a.	cognitive dissonance theory.
b.	impression management theory.
c.	social exchange theory.
d.	attribution theory.
e.	self-disclosure theory.

Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of

a.	the bystander effect.
b.	deindividuation.
c.	ingroup bias.
d.	the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
e.	a dispositional attribution.

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called

a.	the bystander effect.
b.	the fundamental attribution error.
c.	deindividuation.
d.	ingroup bias.
e.	the mere exposure effect.

A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates

a.	the frustration-aggression principle.
b.	the mere exposure effect.
c.	the fundamental attribution error.
d.	deindividuation.
e.	cognitive dissonance.

Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize

a.	passionate love.
b.	social facilitation.
c.	the mere exposure effect.
d.	the fundamental attribution error.
e.	overjustification effect.

Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates

a.	deindividuation.
b.	the bystander effect.
c.	a situational attribution.
d.	the reciprocity norm.
e.	a dispositional attribution.

10.

In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to

a.	deindividuation.
b.	social facilitation.
c.	social loafing.
d.	situational attributions.
e.	self-disclosure theory.

11.

Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called

a.	roles.
b.	norms.
c.	attitudes.
d.	attributions.
e.	stereotypes.

12.

Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

a.	norms and roles
b.	superordinate goals
c.	belief-based feelings
d.	dispositional attributions
e.	mirror-image perceptions

13.

Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we

a.	experience a sense of deindividuation.
b.	feel incompetent or insecure.
c.	can easily recall our attitudes.
d.	are exposed to normative social influence.
e.	have a rich fantasy life.

14.

Opinion change resulting from incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates

a.	informational social influence.
b.	peripheral route persuasion.
c.	superordinate goals.
d.	social facilitation.
e.	central route persuasion.

15.

Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that

a.	people often fail to notice the influence they exert over others.
b.	a pooling of efforts toward a common goal contributes to social loafing.
c.	the presence of others interferes with individual performance on difficult tasks.
d.	actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes.
e.	group discussion enhances a group's prevailing attitudes.

16.

Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates

a.	central route persuasion.
b.	normative social influence.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	cognitive dissonance.
e.	peripheral route persuasion.

17.

The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the

a.	bystander effect.
b.	fundamental attribution error.
c.	foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
d.	mere exposure effect.
e.	frustration-aggression principle.

18.

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to

a.	neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
b.	perform simple tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
c.	comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.
d.	lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.
e.	experience an increasing attraction to novel stimuli as they become more familiar.

19.

The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as the

a.	mere exposure effect.
b.	fundamental attribution error.
c.	reciprocity norm.
d.	foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
e.	bystander effect.

20.

The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as a(n)

a.	ingroup bias.
b.	attribution.
c.	attitude.
d.	role.
e.	altruism.

21.

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called

a.	cognitive dissonance.
b.	implicit prejudice.
c.	deindividuation.
d.	social loafing.
e.	the fundamental attribution error.

22.

Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?

a.	equity theory
b.	scapegoat theory
c.	cognitive dissonance theory
d.	social exchange theory
e.	the two-factor theory

23.

Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as

a.	group polarization.
b.	the chameleon effect.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	social loafing.
e.	mirror-image perceptions.

24.

The chameleon effect involves

a.	scapegoating.
b.	automatic mimicry.
c.	cognitive dissonance.
d.	the fundamental attribution error.
e.	social facilitation.

25.

We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. This illustrates

a.	the mere exposure effect.
b.	mood linkage.
c.	the reciprocity norm.
d.	mirror-image perceptions.
e.	the social exchange theory.

26.

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

a.	the reciprocity norm.
b.	peripheral route persuasion.
c.	social loafing.
d.	conformity.
e.	obedience.

27.

Conformity is best described as

a.	performing simple tasks more quickly in the presence of others.
b.	adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard.
c.	neglecting critical thinking in order to preserve group harmony.
d.	losing self-awareness in group situations that foster anonymity.
e.	following the directions of a powerful authority figure.

28.

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study

a.	the mere exposure effect.
b.	the fundamental attribution error.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	deindividuation.
e.	conformity.

29.

Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of

a.	altruism.
b.	visual perception.
c.	learning.
d.	aggression.
e.	conformity.

30.

Alex thinks drinking sugar-laden sodas is bad for you but other players on his hockey team insist that it is not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if

a.	he has publicly voiced his opinion on this issue.
b.	there is obvious disagreement among team players regarding the issue.
c.	he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.
d.	there are very few team members whom he currently wants to befriend.
e.	the other players consider him to be one of the leaders of the team.

31.

Yuri decided to delay his road trip after hearing a weather forecaster warn that a severe snowstorm would pass through the area within several hours. Yuri's decision best illustrates the impact of

a.	the mere exposure effect.
b.	informational social influence.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	the reciprocity norm.
e.	normative social influence.

32.

Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to

a.	clarify reality.
b.	maintain personal control.
c.	gain social approval.
d.	demonstrate self-restraint.
e.	avoid deindividuation.

33.

Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of

a.	the mere exposure effect.
b.	informational social influence.
c.	normative social influence.
d.	social facilitation.
e.	the reciprocity norm.

34.

Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to

a.	the reciprocity norm.
b.	social facilitation.
c.	normative social influence.
d.	informational social influence.
e.	deindividuation.

35.

Mr. Maslova attends faculty meetings simply to gain the approval of the school principal. Mr. Maslova's behavior exemplifies the importance of

a.	ingroup bias.
b.	informational social influence.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	normative social influence.
e.	deindividuation.

36.

After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of

a.	normative social influence.
b.	the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	the mere exposure effect.
e.	informational social influence.

37.

Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to

a.	group polarization.
b.	social facilitation.
c.	informational social influence.
d.	normative social influence.
e.	deindividuation.

38.

A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage

a.	altruism.
b.	nonconformity.
c.	ingroup bias.
d.	groupthink.
e.	superordinate goals.

39.

Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to

a.	play the role of the prison guards.
b.	write an essay supporting a position they didn't believe in.
c.	deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.
d.	participate in a team tug-of-war by pulling on a rope as hard as they could.
e.	pretend to give an incorrect answer to a simple question.

40.

In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the ______ or the demands of the ______.

a.	obedient role model; “teacher”
b.	“teacher”; “learner”
c.	“teacher”; defiant role model
d.	“learner”; experimenter
e.	defiant role model; obedient role model

41.

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to

a.	neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
b.	perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
c.	experience an increasing attraction to novel stimuli as they become more familiar.
d.	lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.
e.	comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

42.

Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates

a.	the mere exposure effect.
b.	the bystander effect.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	group polarization.
e.	deindividuation.

43.

After a light turns green, drivers take about 15 percent less time to travel the first 100 yards when another car is beside them at the intersection than when they are alone. This best illustrates

a.	the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
b.	the mere exposure effect.
c.	the bystander effect.
d.	social facilitation.
e.	a situational attribution.

44.

The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because

a.	an increasing familiarity with novel stimuli facilitates liking.
b.	the loss of self-restraint often accompanies arousal and anonymity.
c.	one's focus of attention shifts when playing the role of actor rather than observer.
d.	arousal encourages performance of the most likely response.
e.	group discussion enhances whatever attitude is initially dominant in the group.

45.

Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates

a.	the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
b.	social facilitation.
c.	group polarization.
d.	the bystander effect.
e.	the mere exposure effect.

46.

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as

a.	deindividuation.
b.	the bystander effect.
c.	group polarization.
d.	social loafing.
e.	the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

47.

University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates

a.	social loafing.
b.	the chameleon effect.
c.	group polarization.
d.	social facilitation.
e.	deindividuation.

48.

Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates

a.	the bystander effect.
b.	the mere exposure effect.
c.	social loafing.
d.	group polarization.
e.	the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

49.

Deindividuation refers to

a.	lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
b.	the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior.
c.	the failure to give aid in an emergency situation observed by many onlookers.
d.	a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
e.	the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.

50.

Circumstances that increase ________ are likely to reduce ________.

a.	stress; social loafing
b.	self-awareness; deindividuation
c.	anonymity; groupthink
d.	self-awareness; social facilitation
e.	anonymity; stress

51.

Group polarization refers to

a.	the lack of critical thinking that results from a strong desire for harmony within a group.
b.	a split within a group produced by striking differences of opinion among group members.
c.	the tendency of individuals to exert more effort when working as part of a group.
d.	the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.
e.	the failure to give aid in an emergency situation observed by many onlookers.

52.

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called

a.	group polarization.
b.	social facilitation.
c.	ingroup bias.
d.	the mere exposure effect.
e.	central route persuasion.

53.

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which

a.	little communication is possible.
b.	individuals share a similar opinion.
c.	each individual has a unique perspective.
d.	individuals have not formed any opinion.
e.	diverse opinions are shared.

54.

If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of

a.	social loafing.
b.	the bystander effect.
c.	deindividuation.
d.	group polarization.
e.	social facilitation.

55.

A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit

a.	groupthink.
b.	cognitive dissonance.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	superordinate goals.
e.	social loafing.

56.

The enduring traditions, ideas, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next define their

a.	nature.
b.	individualism.
c.	collectivism.
d.	social traps.
e.	culture.

57.

By inventing customs and passing them on to their peers and offspring, chimpanzees exhibit the rudiments of

a.	groupthink.
b.	culture.
c.	personal space.
d.	ingroup bias.
e.	conditioning.

58.

The invention and transmission of dating and courtship customs best illustrate

a.	personal space.
b.	cultural influence.
c.	the priming process.
d.	the reciprocity norm.
e.	self-disclosure.

59.

The rules of a culture for accepted and expected behavior are

a.	stereotypes.
b.	norms.
c.	self-disclosure.
d.	attitudes.
e.	prejudice.

60.

Norms are best described as

a.	personality traits we inherit from our parents.
b.	a person's characteristic emotional reaction to stress.
c.	rules for socially acceptable behavior.
d.	buffer zones we like to maintain between ourselves and others.
e.	our deeply held beliefs about what is moral and ethical.

61.

Those who study cultural influences on behavior are most likely to highlight the importance of

a.	natural selection.
b.	temperament.
c.	the mere exposure effect.
d.	norms.
e.	collectivism.

62.

Personal space refers to

a.	our inner private thoughts and personally subjective feelings about ourselves.
b.	the distance we like to maintain between ourselves and other people.
c.	the priority we give to our own personal needs over group needs.
d.	areas of a home, such as a bedroom, where privacy is important.
e.	the areas of our life we are willing to self-disclose.

63.

Even though many chairs in the library study area are unoccupied, Wang chooses to sit right next to Annest. Annest is most likely to feel uncomfortable because Wang has violated her

a.	role.
b.	gender schema.
c.	personal space.
d.	temperament.
e.	gender identity.

64.

Since 1960, most Western cultures have changed with remarkable speed. The LEAST likely explanation for these variations involves changes in

a.	communication systems.
b.	genetic predispositions.
c.	scientific knowledge.
d.	social norms.
e.	migration patterns.

65.

In comparison to 40 years ago, American women today are more likely to marry for the sake of

a.	economic advantage.
b.	social status.
c.	reproductive success.
d.	gender equality.
e.	romantic love.

66.

Those who feel socially pressured sometimes assert their freedom by doing the opposite of what is socially expected. This best illustrates

a.	the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
b.	mirror-image perceptions.
c.	the chameleon effect.
d.	personal control.
e.	cognitive dissonance theory.

67.

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called

a.	scapegoating.
b.	deindividuation.
c.	groupthink.
d.	discrimination.
e.	prejudice.

68.

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called

a.	superordinate goals.
b.	situational attributions.
c.	stereotypes.
d.	social norms.
e.	social traps.

69.

Prejudice is best defined as

a.	an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
b.	a fearful suspicion of people one has never met.
c.	the tendency to favor members of one's own group.
d.	a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
e.	the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.

70.

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in

a.	stereotyping.
b.	deindividuation.
c.	discrimination.
d.	the fundamental attribution error.
e.	confirmation bias.

71.

On the basis of what Americans say, in the last half-century

a.	gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has increased.
b.	gender prejudice has increased and racial prejudice has decreased.
c.	gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has decreased.
d.	gender prejudice has increased and racial prejudice has increased.
e.	gender prejudice has stayed the same and racial prejudice has stayed the same.

72.

In several U.S. states where Black motorists are a minority of the drivers and speeders on interstate highways, they have been the majority of those stopped and searched by police. This best illustrates

a.	the mere exposure effect.
b.	the reciprocity norm.
c.	overt prejudice.
d.	the bystander effect.
e.	overt deindividuation.

73.

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrate the subtle nature of

a.	reciprocity norms.
b.	subordinate goals.
c.	social traps.
d.	implicit attitudes.
e.	confirmation biases.

74.

Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often

a.	triggered by deindividuation.
b.	a response to frustration.
c.	unconscious.
d.	unlearned.
e.	conditioned.

75.

Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. This is best illustrated in studies of

a.	deindividuation.
b.	implicit attitudes.
c.	group polarization.
d.	mirror-image perceptions.
e.	obedience.

76.

In one study, researchers found that police officers judge Black faces that appear more typical of their race to be more

a.	childlike.
b.	unattractive.
c.	familiar.
d.	criminal.
e.	altruistic.

77.

Instant responses to viewing White and Black faces may include activation of the amygdala. Research has suggested that this indicates

a.	cognitive dissonance.
b.	the mere exposure effect.
c.	implicit prejudice.
d.	the other-race effect.
e.	long-term potentiation.

78.

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying

a.	group polarization.
b.	deindividuation.
c.	the bystander effect.
d.	superordinate goals.
e.	social inequalities.

79.

The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common

a.	social norm.
b.	dispositional attribution.
c.	identity.
d.	situational attribution.
e.	superordinate goal.

80.

Hostilities between the Iraqi Sunni and Shia and between Northern Ireland Protestants and Catholics illustrate the irony that sometimes the greatest dislike is expressed between groups that

a.	experience deindividuation.
b.	value the reciprocity norm.
c.	demonstrate groupthink.
d.	are much more alike than different.
e.	discriminate because of outgroup bias rather than ingroup bias.

81.

Placing people into groups based on the arbitrary outcome of a coin toss leads people to show favoritism to their own group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates

a.	the mere exposure effect.
b.	the fundamental attribution error.
c.	deindividuation.
d.	ingroup bias.
e.	reciprocity norm.

82.

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates

a.	the just-world phenomenon.
b.	scapegoating.
c.	the fundamental attribution error.
d.	the reciprocity norm.
e.	ingroup bias.

83.

According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from

a.	stereotypes.
b.	the just-world phenomenon.
c.	ingroup bias.
d.	frustration.
e.	self-serving bias.

84.

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of

a.	the mere exposure effect.
b.	the just-world phenomenon.
c.	the bystander effect.
d.	scapegoat theory.
e.	social facilitation.

85.

We have a tendency to overestimate the similarities among people we have sorted into a single category. This best illustrates the ________ roots of prejudice.

a.	social
b.	emotional
c.	biological
d.	cognitive
e.	neurological

86.

Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of

a.	a dispositional attribution.
b.	prejudice.
c.	deindividuation.
d.	aggression.
e.	the mere exposure effect.

87.

A soldier who intentionally kills a dangerous enemy combatant most clearly illustrates

a.	diffusion of responsibility.
b.	the just-world phenomenon.
c.	group polarization.
d.	aggression.
e.	groupthink.

88.

Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that

a.	human aggression is an unlearned instinct.
b.	there is no physiological basis for aggression in humans.
c.	animals can be bred for aggressiveness.
d.	neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior by males but not by females.
e.	individualistic cultures generally have higher rates of aggression.

89.

Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression.

a.	proximity
b.	deindividuation
c.	genetic influences
d.	the bystander effect
e.	attribution

90.

The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are most likely to

a.	form stereotypes.
b.	engage in aggression.
c.	experience cognitive dissonance.
d.	commit the fundamental attribution error.
e.	discriminate against others.

91.

When a mild-mannered woman had an electrode implanted in her amygdala, she

a.	developed more aggressive tendencies.
b.	acted just as she had before the implantation.
c.	became even milder, unable even to say “no” to anyone's request for help.
d.	lost her ability to remember events that had recently occurred.
e.	exhibited more masculine behaviors.

92.

Organisms often respond to ________ with a fight-or-flight reaction.

a.	social facilitation
b.	the mere exposure effect
c.	superordinate goals
d.	stress
e.	discrimination

93.

Stress often generates a readiness to be aggressive that is associated with

a.	stereotyping.
b.	ingroup bias.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	the fight-or-flight reaction.
e.	the fundamental attribution error.

94.

Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by

a.	superordinate goals.
b.	scapegoating.
c.	frustration.
d.	reinforcement.
e.	group polarization.

95.

Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of

a.	conformity.
b.	group polarization.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	aggression.
e.	discrimination.

96.

High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of

a.	cognitive dissonance.
b.	deindividuation.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	father care.
e.	group polarization.

97.

Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid

a.	implicit prejudice.
b.	the other-race effect.
c.	modeling violence.
d.	the mere exposure effect.
e.	self-disclosure.

98.

Violent pornographic movies often perpetuate the myth that

a.	many women enjoy aggressive sexual encounters.
b.	most rapes are commonly committed by victims' dates or acquaintances.
c.	women are more likely rape victims than are men.
d.	most rapes are never reported to the police.
e.	rape creates powerful, long-lasting conditioned fears.

99.

In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves

a.	acquiring social scripts.
b.	role-playing aggression.
c.	desensitization to violence.
d.	priming aggressive thoughts.
e.	models of aggression.

100.

Compared with their nonplaying counterparts, kids who play a lot of violent video games have been found to

a.	experience fewer angry feelings.
b.	see the real world as less dangerous.
c.	get into more arguments and fights.
d.	earn better grades in school.
e.	experience less fear in stressful situations.

101.

The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between ________ and liking.

a.	similarity
b.	physical arousal
c.	physical attractiveness
d.	self-disclosure
e.	proximity

102.

The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people

a.	perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
b.	become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion.
c.	more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request.
d.	experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar.
e.	often fail to notice the influence they exert on others.

103.

An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as

a.	social facilitation.
b.	companionate love.
c.	the mere exposure effect.
d.	the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
e.	mirror-image perceptions.

104.

Four equally attractive women silently attended a 200-student class for zero, 5, 10, or 15 class sessions. When shown slides of each woman, students in the class rated the women who had attended ________ class sessions as the most attractive.

a.	zero
b.	2
c.	5
d.	15
e.	25

105.

Our first impressions of people we meet are most likely to be determined by their

a.	attitudes.
b.	intelligence.
c.	physical appearance.
d.	superordinate goals.
e.	emotional intelligence.

106.

Women are attracted to healthy-looking men, but especially to those who seem to be

a.	submissive.
b.	insecure.
c.	mature.
d.	less attractive than themselves.
e.	more attractive than themselves.

107.

People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more

a.	deindividuated.
b.	prejudiced.
c.	aggressive.
d.	attractive.
e.	intelligent.

108.

The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain

a.	the bystander effect.
b.	passionate love.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	the mere exposure effect.
e.	the just-world phenomenon.

109.

The two-factor theory of emotion specifically suggests that passionate love can be facilitated by

a.	the mere exposure effect.
b.	self-disclosure.
c.	equity.
d.	group polarization.
e.	physical arousal.

110.

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as

a.	altruism.
b.	self-disclosure.
c.	companionate love.
d.	the mere exposure effect.
e.	social exchange.

111.

Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. This best illustrates the perceived value of

a.	equity.
b.	proximity.
c.	passionate love.
d.	self-disclosure.
e.	reciprocity norm.

112.

Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of

a.	passionate love.
b.	deindividuation.
c.	social facilitation.
d.	self-disclosure.
e.	the mere exposure effect.

113.

A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of

a.	cognitive dissonance.
b.	social facilitation.
c.	groupthink.
d.	self-disclosure.
e.	normative social influence.

114.

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of

a.	groupthink.
b.	deindividuation.
c.	companionate love.
d.	social facilitation.
e.	ingroup bias.

115.

Altruism is best described as

a.	exerting greater effort when working in the presence of others.
b.	experiencing an increasing attraction to people as they become more familiar.
c.	behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.
d.	complying with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.
e.	acting as if the suffering of others doesn't bother us.

116.

Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates

a.	altruism.
b.	deindividuation.
c.	the bystander effect.
d.	the just-world phenomenon.
e.	social exchange theory.

117.

People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as

a.	group polarization.
b.	social loafing.
c.	the bystander effect.
d.	the mere exposure effect.
e.	social facilitation.

118.

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the

a.	emergency takes place in a large city.
b.	observer has just endured a frustrating experience.
c.	emergency victim is a member of a different racial group than the observer.
d.	emergency is being observed by a number of other people.
e.	observer has been exposed to many similar emergencies in the past.

119.

Mrs. Pinheiro fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

a.	the fundamental attribution error.
b.	social loafing.
c.	the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
d.	the bystander effect.
e.	the mere exposure effect.

120.

When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

a.	the mere exposure effect.
b.	the fundamental attribution error.
c.	social loafing.
d.	the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
e.	the bystander effect.

121.

Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?

a.	attribution theory
b.	social exchange theory
c.	cognitive dissonance theory
d.	the two-factor theory of emotion
e.	the reciprocity norm

122.

Employees who receive a windfall bonus are later happier if they have done something for other people with it. This suggests that altruism is

a.	a superordinate goal.
b.	intrinsically rewarding.
c.	a bystander effect.
d.	a just-world phenomenon.
e.	a social-responsibility norm.

123.

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the

a.	ingroup bias.
b.	just-world phenomenon.
c.	superordinate goal.
d.	social-responsibility norm.
e.	bystander effect.

124.

If two countries are rivals for the exclusive control of the same area of land, their predicament best illustrates

a.	the two-factor theory.
b.	superordinate goals.
c.	deindividuation.
d.	conflict.
e.	a social trap.

125.

To a social psychologist, a perceived incompatibility of goals indicates

a.	social loafing.
b.	prejudice.
c.	conflict.
d.	group polarization.
e.	the frustration-aggression principle.

126.

Continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of

a.	the just-world phenomenon.
b.	social loafing.
c.	a social trap.
d.	the fundamental attribution error.
e.	the mere exposure effect.

127.

Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate

a.	the reciprocity norm.
b.	deindividuation.
c.	superordinate goals.
d.	GRIT.
e.	mirror-image perceptions.

128.

An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.

a.	the other-race effect
b.	implicit prejudice
c.	deindividuation
d.	interracial contact
e.	social facilitation

129.

Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the experience of

a.	social facilitation.
b.	mirror-image perceptions.
c.	face-to-face contact.
d.	deindividuation.
e.	norms of reciprocity.

130.

Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as

a.	implicit.
b.	deindividuated.
c.	companionate.
d.	superordinate.
e.	altruistic.